Maharlou lake located in southwest of Iran is an intra-continental sedimentary basin. Its area is about 280 km: extended with an average water depth of 1.5 m during wet seasons. The water level in the lake is controlled by several factors such as Runoff volume from Maharlou catchment underground water seepage, and direct rainfall over the lake and also evaporation. Generally, hydrochemical analysis of water resources showed that the water types are mainly bicarbonates and sulfates due to Geology of the surrounding areas. Hydrochemical investigation has been carried out for a time period between 1975 and 2002 usingpreviously published analyses together with new collected water samples. 230 samples were collected during summer 200I. Summer 2002 and spring 2005. Results show a change in the BRINE type through time: with an Mg-SO4-CI type in 1970 toan Mg-CI-SO4 type in 2001 and currently Na-Mg-CI BRINE type, in recent time, which is comparable with Great Salt Lake in USA. Due to changes in diluted water compositions from HCO3³ (Ca+Mg) to HCO3« (Ca+Mg), the path of BRINE on the Eugster and Hardie flow diagram changes from row III to the path It, indicating that the bicarbonate water comes into the lake From a fault occurring in the lake floor.

The Lake Urmia is the greatest hyper saline Lake in the world. This lake, located in Azerbaijan area, Northwest of Iran is an intra-continental sedimentary basin. Its area is about 6000 km2 with an average water depth of 6 meters. Hydrochemistry of the water resources of the basin showed mainly chloridic and sulfidic composition due to the geology of the surrounding areas and its variable lithology and Inlet water are supplied from the permanent and seasonal rivers. The hydrochemical investigations were carried out over a time period from 2007 to 2012 using previously published data together with newly collected water samples.120 samples were collected during 6 years. The analaysis results showed Na-Mg-Cl type of the BRINEfrom 2007 to 2010, which is comparable with the Great Salt Lake in the USA. The chemical composition of lake in 2007 showed the percentage of sodium is higher than Magnesium. In 2011 and 2012 water composition is HCO3<<Ca+Mg. That is, the path of BRINE composition on the Eugster and Hardie flow diagram has changed from row III2b (Na-Mg-Cl) to (Mg-Na-Cl) in 2011 and 2012 after halite crystallization and may finally result in Mg-Cl-SO4 BRINE type in the future. The Sodium to Magnesium ratio is 5.12 in 2007. However, this amount in 2011 is 0.68 and 0.56 in 2012. In future, with Increasing ofevaporation, the Magnesium to sodium ratio increases and chemical compositions of the BRINE in the north and south of the Shahid Kalantari Highway experience more difference.

Introduction: The study of sediments and BRINE of playa, from economic aspects, has special significance with respect on evaporate deposits and its effect on ecology, environment and regional water.

BRINE shrimp (Artemia.) is fascinating organism from subphylum Crustacean, order Branchiopoda, family Artemiidae. Artemia BRINE shrimps inhabit saline and hypersaline ecosystems and have many tolerance against salinity changes. Urmiah Lake is the most important habitate of Artemia in Iran. Artemia is also reported from Kale-shour located in 35 km north of Gonabad, south khorassan province, Iran. In this study collected Artemia from Gonabad Kale-shour were compared with Artemia urmiana Gunther (1900) and Artemia parthenogenetica from Urmiah Lack using morphometric characters. Cysts samples collected from Kale-shour and Artemia urmiana and Artemia parthenogenetica were obtained from Urmiah Fisheries Company (shilat) Research Center. The Cysts were cultured separately in 20 L aquarium approximately under constant physical and chemical conditions (salinity 62 ppt, temperature 20 ± 1 C°, PH  » 8, slowly and continually aeration, flourscent light with 40 cm distance from aquarium surface). All samples were fed with rice bran and unicellular algae. After 35 days 30 chosen mature female of each culture were narcotized with chloroform and eight quantitative characters (total length, abdominal length, abdominal width, length of furca, head width, distance between compound eyes, eyes diameter, length of the first antenna) were measured under measuring microscope to the nearest 0.001 mm. Data were analysis using the statistical software SPSS 10 and multivariate analysis, result show that Kale-shour Artemia are significantly different from Artemia urmiana, but the Kale-shour Artemia and A. Parthenogenrtica are identical. Two populations could belong to A.parthenogenetica species.

The Petergan Playa lies in east of Iran, covering an area of 212. 5 km2. The playa is located 135 km from the city of Qayen at the border area known as Shahrakht. Thus, in the present study, to study the BRINEs and their EVOLUTION, sampling was conducted from some of 95 BRINEs based on an ordered network. The BRINEs were analyzed using the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. The cations found in the BRINEs showed abundance in the amounts of Na^+, Ca^(2+), Mg^(2+), 〖, and K〗, ^+. For the anions an abundance was observed in the amounts of Cl^-, SO_4^(2-), and HCO_3^-. The type of BRINEs was as follows: Na^+-SO_4^(2-)-Cl^-, by pondering fairly neutral acidity and chemical investigation of the ingress waters, it can be inferred that, the waters are of Ca^(2+)>CO_3^(2-), Cl^-+ SO_4^(2-)>HCO_3^-, HCO_3^-≪, Ca^(2+)+ Mg^(2+) molar ratios, following the geochemical route П,in the BRINEs’,geochemical EVOLUTION diagram, which is similar to the BRINEs in Saline Valley and the Dead Valley in the United States. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) results revealed that, the most abundant minerals in the BRINEs are Quartz, Gypsum, Halite, and Calcite. Accordingly, source of the BRINEs would be meteoric waters as well as neutral waters and BRINEs with hydrothermal source.

Background and Aim: Image brightness heterogeneity is one of the major challenges in computer image processing that can lead to inaccurate results in image segmentation. Despite the existence of numerous segmentation methods, few studies have been conducted on the effect of brightness heterogeneity and the selection of the best color channels in segmentation. In this paper, different color spaces have been used for automatic detection of skin lesions. Methods: In this study, the LSE (Level Set EVOLUTION) segmentation method along with intensity smoothing has been used for computer recognition of skin lesions. First, the brightness heterogeneity is reduced and a more uniform image is created. Then, the proposed segmentation divides the image domain into distinct regions. This method results in more accurate recognition of skin lesions. Results: The proposed method has been tested on 200 dermoscopic images from the known PH2 dataset using different color channels. The results show that this method performs better than other methods. Accuracy of 97%, sensitivity of 98%, specificity of 99% and Dice coefficient of 92% have been obtained. Conclusion: This method has the ability to accurately isolate and diagnose lesions and can help doctors in the treatment process of skin lesions.

BRINE Concentration is a comprehensive process and has an effective role in reducing environmental pollution due to desalination plant wastewater. In this study, the equations, for feed-forward forced convective falling film BRINE concentrators, with the desired number of effects and thermal vapor compression have been solved by MATLAB code. Thermodynamic modeling results of a two stage BRINE concentrator represented that 6.25 ton/hr feed with 90000 ppm concentration produces 5 ton/hr fresh water and 1.25 ton/hr wastewater with 450000 ppm concentration. The gained output ratio of plant is 2.63 and the specific heat transfer area is 74.3 m2s/kg. Also, by thermohydraulic modeling, to control the sediment rate with the limitations of allowable pressure drop and stream velocity in different tube lengths and diameters and evaporator number of passes, heat transfer area and the number of tubes have been calculated. Finally, the effects of design variables on gained output ratio and specific heat transfer area are investigated. The results represented that effects number, feed, and driving steam temperature are the three most important variables since increasing the effects number causes a 17% increase in gained output ratio and 23.5% increase in the specific heat transfer area. Increasing 1 ֯C in feed and motive vapor temperature lead to a 2.5% increase and 3% decrease in the specific heat transfer area. But these two don’t have any effect on gained output ratio.

Seawater desalination is recently considered as an important source for providing drinking water largely due to the increased water consumption as well as depletion of available and accessible water resources. This is especially important in case of Iran which is located in an arid region facing the challenges of water resources shortage. Due to the progressive development of seawater desalination processes, the discharge of BRINE can potentially bring about physical, chemical, and ecological effects on the environment of receiving water resources. Therefore, the necessity of more accurate and better understanding of such effects and different aspects of desalination processes as well as the BRINE as the by-product is undeniable. The focus in the present paper is investigation on the effects of BRINE discharge on the quality of various parameters in the receiving water and providing solutions for minimizing the side-effects. Techniques such as use of cooling water in power plants, combination of BRINE with municipal sewage, groundwater desalination, and proper selection of sites and discharge procedures are among the practical proposed strategies.